He Kupu Whakataki ki ngā Tiwhikete Rerekē

UL [Amerika ki te Raki]

Ko te UL te whakarāpopototanga o Underwriter Laboratories Inc. i te Hononga o Amerika. Ko te UL Safety Testing Laboratory te mea tino mana i te Hononga o Amerika, ā, ko tētahi o ngā umanga tūmataiti nui rawa atu o te ao e mahi ana i ngā whakamātautau me te aromatawai haumaru. He umanga ngaio motuhake, whai hua, e whakahaere ana i ngā whakamātautau mō te haumaru tūmatanui. E whakamahi ana i ngā tikanga whakamātautau pūtaiao hei ako me te whakatau mēnā he kino ngā rauemi, ngā taputapu, ngā hua, ngā taputapu, ngā whare, me ētahi atu ki te ora me te taonga me te whānuitanga o te kino; e whakatau ana, e kohikohi ana, e whakaputa ana i ngā paerewa me ngā rauemi e rite ana hei āwhina i te whakaiti me te ārai i ngā mate ki te ora me te taonga, ā, i te wā kotahi e whakahaere ana i te pakihi rangahau rapunga meka. Ko te tiwhikete UL he tiwhikete kore-whakahaunga i te Hononga o Amerika, e aro nui ana ki te whakamātautau me te tiwhikete o te mahi haumaru hua, ā, kāore tana whānuitanga tiwhikete e whakauru ana i ngā āhuatanga EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) o ngā hua.

Tiwhikete UL

I roto i ngā kupu poto, ko te nuinga o āna mahi he tiwhikete haumaru hua me te pakihi tiwhikete haumaru whakahaere. Ko tana whāinga matua he whiwhi hua he paerewa haumaru nui mō te mākete, me te whai wāhi ki te whakarite i te haumaru o te hauora whaiaro me te haumaru o ngā taonga. Mō te tiwhikete haumaru hua hei huarahi whai hua ki te whakakore i ngā arai hangarau ki te hokohoko o te ao, he mahi pai anō tā UL ki te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te hokohoko o te ao.

Ko te mahi matua a UL he tiwhikete haumaru hua me te pakihi tiwhikete haumaru whakahaere. Ko tana whāinga matua he whiwhi hua he paerewa haumaru nui mō te mākete, me te whai wāhi ki te whakarite i te haumaru hauora whaiaro me te haumaru rawa. Mō te tiwhikete haumaru hua hei huarahi whai hua ki te whakakore i ngā arai hangarau ki te hokohoko o te ao, he mahi pai anō tā UL ki te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te hokohoko o te ao.

I whakatūria a UL i te tau 1894. I te tīmatanga, i whakawhirinaki te UL ki ngā pūtea i whakaratohia e te tari inihua ahi hei pupuri i tana mahi. Nō te tau 1916 ka tino whai mana motuhake a UL. I muri i te tata ki te rautau o te whanaketanga, kua riro a UL hei whare tiwhikete rongonui o te ao me te huinga katoa o ngā pūnaha whakahaere whakahaere tino pakari, te whanaketanga paerewa, me ngā tikanga tiwhikete hua. Kei te whakahaerehia a UL e tētahi kaunihera i titoa mai i ngā māngai mai i ngā tohunga haumaru, ngā āpiha kāwanatanga, ngā kaihoko, te rāngai mātauranga, ngā ratonga tūmatanui, te umanga inihua, me ngā tari paerewa. Ko te perehitini me ngā perehitini tuarua te kaiwhakahaere i ngā mahi o ia rā. I tēnei wā, e rima ngā taiwhanga a UL i te United States, kei te tāone o Northbrook, ki te raki o Chicago tōna tari matua. I taua wā anō, kua whakatūria ngā taiwhanga e rite ana ki Taiwan me Hong Kong. I te United States, mō ngā kaihoko, ko te tohu UL he tohu mō te haumaru. I te ao whānui, ko UL tētahi o ngā kaiwhakarato aromatawai hanganga ture tino pono mō ngā kaihanga.

Kāhua Tohu

Ko te tohu UL ka tohua ki runga i te hua, ki te takai hua rānei, hei tohu kua paahitia e te hua te tiwhikete UL, ā, kua tutuki hoki i ngā whakaritenga paerewa haumaru.

Ko ngā momo ratonga tiwhikete me te whakamātautau hua UL ko te Rārangi, te Whakamōhiotanga, me te Whakarōpūtanga.

Ihirangi Ratonga

Rārangi (KUA RĀRANGI):

I te nuinga o te wā, ka pā noa te rārangi ki ngā hua katoa me ngā taputapu me ngā whakaurunga ka taea te whakakapi, te tāuta rānei ki te papaanga e ngā kaimahi whai tohu. Ko ngā momo hua e hipokina ana e ngā ratonga rārangi UL ko: ngā taputapu whare, ngā taputapu hauora, ngā rorohiko, ngā taputapu arumoni, me ngā momo hua hiko e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā whare, pērā i ngā pūnaha tohatoha hiko, ngā fiusi, ngā waea, ngā pana, me ētahi atu wāhanga hiko. Mō ngā hua kua rārangihia e te UL, ka taea te tohu i te tohu rārangi UL ki ia hua. Mō te whakamahinga o te tohu rārangi.

Te Whakamōhiotanga (Te Whakamōhiotanga):

He kaupapa te ratonga whakamana i roto i ngā ratonga UL. Ko ngā hua kua tohua ka taea anake te whakamahi hei wāhanga me ngā rauemi mata i runga i ngā hua kua rārangihia ki te UL, kua whakarōpūtia, me ētahi atu hua kua whakamanahia. Kāore ngā hua kua whakamanahia i te hanganga oti, kāore hoki he herenga i roto i tā rātou whakamahinga hei whakarite i te mahi haumaru e tumanakohia ana. I te nuinga o te wā, ka taka te ratonga whai muri mō ngā hua kua whakamanahia ki raro i te kāwai R. Ko ngā hua kua whakamanahia nō te kāwai L ko ngā waea hiko (AVLV2), ngā waea tukatuka (ZKLU2), ngā taura waea (ZPFW2), ngā waea konumohe (DVVR2), me ngā paipa whakarewa ngāwari (DXUZ2). Me mau te tohu whakamana i ngā hua kua whakamanahia.

Whakarōpūtanga (Whakarōpūtanga):

Ka arotakehia anake e te ratonga whakarōpūtanga ngā tūponotanga motuhake o te hua, ka arotakehia rānei ngā hua e tutuki ana i ētahi atu paerewa (tae atu ki ngā paerewa e mōhiotia ana i te ao pēnei i ngā paerewa IEC me ISO) ehara i te paerewa UL. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te nuinga o ngā hua kua whakarōpūtia ehara i te hua kaihoko engari he hua e whakamahia ana i roto i te ahumahi, i te tauhokohoko rānei. E tohu ana te tohu whakarōpūtanga i roto i te tohu UL he tikanga here me ngā whānuitanga kua tohua ina tautuhia te hua e te UL. Hei tauira, mō ngā hua matū pēnei i ngā whakarewa ahumahi, ko te whānuitanga o ngā tūponotanga ahi pea ka arotakehia ina tae te hua ki tōna pāmahana mura. He rite te ratonga whakarōpūtanga mō ētahi hua ki te ratonga rārangi, engari i te nuinga o te wā, kotahi, maha rānei ngā āhuatanga o te hua ka arotakehia. Hei tauira, i te United States, me tutuki ngā taputapu tātaritanga hihi-X hauora ki ngā ture me ngā ture ā-motu e pā ana ki ngā tukunga irahiko me te tika o te hihi puta noa i te motu. Heoi, nā te mea ka whakarōpūhia anake e te UL ngā hihi-X hei hua kua whakarōpūtia, ka arotakehia anake ngā āhuatanga pēnei i tā rātou mahi miihini, mahi hiko, me ētahi atu mahi kore-irahiko.

Ngā Ratonga Rārangi Maha, Ngā Ratonga Whakamōhio Maha, Ngā Ratonga Whakarōpū Maha rānei:

Ina hiahia te kaitono UL ki te whakaputa i te hua i raro i te ingoa o tētahi atu kamupene hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia hoko, whai muri i te whiwhinga i ngā ratonga rārangi, whakamanatanga, whakarōpūtanga rānei kua whakahuatia ake nei, ka taea e rātou te tono mō ngā ratonga rārangi maha, whakamanatanga maha, whakarōpūtanga maha rānei. I tēnei take, ka whakaaetia te kaihanga kua whiwhi i te rārangi, whakamanatanga, whakarōpūtanga rānei ki te whakamahi i te ingoa o tētahi atu kamupene i roto i te rārangi hua, engari ko te hua, haunga te waehere kamupene, te waehere hua, ētahi atu āhuatanga rānei e whakaarohia ana e te UL he mea tika, me rite ki te hua kua rārangihia, kua whakamanatia, kua whakarōpūtia rānei i te tīmatanga.

Ratonga Rārangi, Whakamōhiotanga, Whakarōpūtanga rānei "AL":

Mena kāore te kaitono UL e hiahia ki te whiwhi ratonga rārangi, whakamana, whakarōpū rānei i runga i te ingoa o tā rātou ake kamupene, ka taea e rātou te tono mō te rārangi, whakamana, whakarōpū rānei i runga i te ingoa o tētahi atu ingoa pakihi (he kaihokohoko, he kaihokohoko rarahi rānei te nuinga), arā, ko te ratonga rārangi, whakamana, whakarōpū rānei "AL". Ko te rerekētanga i waenganui i a ia me ngā ratonga rārangi maha, whakamana maha, whakarōpū maha rānei, ko te mea ehara te kaitono i te hinonga kua rārangihia.

Tukanga Tiwhikete:

Ka whakarite te kaitono i te tauira --- ka whakarite i ngā rauemi e pā ana --- ka whakarite i te whakamātautau --- ka arotake i te whakamātautau me ngā rauemi --- ka whakaoti i te pūrongo --- ka whakarite i te tirotiro wheketere --- ka whiwhi i te tiwhikete.